In the varsity groups at a joint conference at a school in Wellington organised their own Inter-Varsity Fellowship of Evangelical Unions, chaired by John Laird. Stacey Woods had been visiting and undoubtedly was an influence on the decision.
The New Zealand movement was represented at the 28 There is a dramatic account of developments by Howard Guinness in Christ and the Colleges ed. Coggan, , pp. Boyd and Ailsa Brown. Yet it was very liberal in its theology, and during the Second World War while most of the missionaries were evacuated a new evangelical student movement developed, through the vision of Calvin Chao, an evangelist.
Many students were converted at this difficult time. The China Evangelical Inter-Varsity Christian Students Fellowship was established in Chongqing in at the first national conference of forty university groups. Calvin Chao was appointed General Secretary, and enthusiastic students became evangelists in many universities in the west. When the missionaries returned in an American missionary, Paul A.
The Red Army was preparing for its final attack, and its agents sought to infiltrate Christian student groups. There were significant revivals in many parts of the Chinese tertiary world. In Beijing some students became involved, despite accusations from Communists and Nationalists. Chao attended the Harvard Conference of and the movement he headed had more students involved than any other group among the first IFES members, with some students attending the annual conferences.
A Pietist movement continued, operating primarily through the Home Mission organisation of the Lutheran Church which owes much to the work of Hans Nielsen Hauge , and after the war it gained a very significant leader in Professor Ole Hallesby.
Hallesby had been converted while a student in the University of Oslo in , and began at this time to break free of the liberal 30 Billy Graham Archives: Collection Interview with David Howard Adeney, , tapes 2, 3.
In he had studied for his doctorate at a university in Germany, but remained loyal to conservative theological principles, and remained a layman.
A man of great godliness and insight, in he opted out of the Student Alliance and through preaching at the University of Oslo sought to persuade evangelical students to form their own organisations. He also became principal of the Free Evangelical Seminary. In a summer conference was begun at Haugetun.
There were attempts to preserve the evangelical tone in the Student Alliance but when these failed, Hallesby and a student gathered the significant minority of evangelical students into the Norges Kristelige Studentenlag in April Later the Norwegian SVM affiliated to it. Hallesby was deeply respected in Norway, and his works were widely translated into other European languages in later years.
He had a major influence in the formation of a conservative faction among the younger clergy in the national church. So Hallesby began a series of preaching tours throughout Scandinavia. Thereafter that annual conference, called the Nordisk Studenter-og Gymnasiastmoetene, was held in a different country each year, including Finland in and Denmark in The conference in Finland in drew students.
The conferences continued through the war, a significant tonic to Scandinavian students. The Swedish students were mostly drawn from the Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen, a conservative home and foreign mission organisation within the national church, and this sponsored the formation in of the Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen, which maintained close links with its Norwegian partner.
The Danes participated fully in the Scandinavian meetings, but no national group was formed there. In Hallesby and six Norwegian students went as a team to Iceland, where the national church had been very unsympathetic to conservative theology, and as a result the Islands Kristolegt Studentafaleg was formed.
This Scandinavian movement thus had great significance, for within the Lutheran Church it symbolised a lay call to the fundamentals of the gospel, in the face of passivity and lack of direction within the national church. Gradually in Norway it gained high respect within the national church, which provided for the movement a number of clergy as travelling secretaries. It has been suggested that some eighty percent of the pastors of the Lutheran church have been members of NKSS. In other parts of Europe conservative movements had less success.
In Germany the Deutsche Christliche Studenten Vereinigung, which was a member of the WSCF, remained theologically conservative, but it saw little need to affiliate with separatist bodies, and for their part the IVF leaders in England, when they sent H.
Bromiley to visit in , found it difficult to recognise that this movement might have a kinship with their own. In Switzerland liberal trends in theology awoke a conservative reaction among some, which focused on the annual Morges convention. In the summer of he organised an annual Bible study camp which was attended by increasing numbers of students, and the Lausanne students organised a Groupe Biblique Universitaire. A tour of Switzerland by Howard Guinness and other doctors in extended the work into German-speaking Switzerland.
Both groups were involved in the Budapest evangelical students conference in Still many of the more conservative parts of the WSCF world in Europe were sympathetic to the concerns of the new movement. Shaping an International Body 3. Such a growth was possible because most of the English speaking world looked to the United Kingdom as the place where they sent their best students. The pre-IFES influence stretched even beyond such places.
Guinness conducted meetings in Spain in January just before the outbreak of the Civil War, although it was not a propitious time for a student work to commence there.
After his visit to Australia he visited India. Guinness made a series of visits to Europe before being ordained to the Anglican ministry in Yet there was an existing world of European student movements which yet needed to discover its new kin.
That process of integration was delicate. In Robert Wilder, who had for so many years been secretary of the SVM, threw his enthusiastic support behind the new movement. This was a significant development. Wilder was not as well known as John R. Mott among students, but was nevertheless a symbol of the original spirit of the SVM, and was a speaker still able to enthuse students with passion for the work of God in the universities. A missionary in Cairo had given him a copy of the new IVF magazine, and this reawoke his excitement at student work, and the disappointment which he had suppressed after he left the SVM.
So he wrote to the IVF and expressed his interest. When Douglas Johnson - ever a strategic thinker - realised the identity of his correspondent, Wilder was invited to become an honorary Vice-President of the IVF. In he retired with his Norwegian wife in Norway. So an international conference was held in Oslo, Norway in September , with a delegation of six people from Britain including Howard Guinness and Douglas Johnson.
Robert Wilder was again the speaker. The Norwegians had also invited representatives from Finland and Sweden, and there were a few people from Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, and Estonia who had been visiting Oslo to discuss a united summer meeting of northern European students.
We are now in the hour of God. Right from the beginning our programme has been the old, full gospel, preached for revival, conversion, and new life in service for our Lord, at home and abroad in the mission field. Douglas Johnson, pp. This conference ratified the constitution and an advisory committee including Prince Bernadotte of Sweden, Hallesby and Rendle Short were approved.
Dr Wilder had decided he was too old to continue. These were the beginnings of an annual conference, which assembled academics and senior friends as well as students.
In this conference was held in Beatenberg, Switzerland and Helsinki. It led to the formation of the Groupes Bibliques Universitaires de Suisse. The decision was made to hold a large international conference in Cambridge from 27 June to 3 July This conference was very successful, with students in attendance from 33 countries, plus many graduates.
Other speakers included a number of conservative theological leaders from all over Europe, including the former head of the Russian SCM. The tone was a serious one, reflecting the sense that war was imminent. Aalders and Dr F. Mowll of the Sydney Diocese in Australia were the two most prominent Anglican clergy to support it.
Nonconformist ministers in Britain were particularly unsympathetic to a movement that exemplified the traditional standpoint of their denominations, which they had only recently dismissed. Among secular academics there were a number of sympathisers from the evangelical wing of the larger denominations or the smaller conservative denominations.
The universities were at this period dominated by the humanities and sciences, and such scholars tended to be less sympathetic to a movement for biblical literalism, although Sir William Ramsay, the great classicist, was one exception. Curiously among scientists there was greater support, notably among those who resisted the theory of the evolutionary development of the human species. Sir Ambrose Fleming, Professor J.
Blair, London: IVF, Plans were tentatively drawn up in for a conference in Amsterdam or Rotterdam in if war should not occur, but this was not to be. An advisory committee was also established to cope with the wartime situation, and it included Professor G.
John Wenham as prayer secretary and Hans Hoivik of Norway as missionary secretary. Yet memories of the fellowship of those years overrode the sense of European disaster, and Douglas Johnson maintained correspondence and hospitality with many from the allied nations who were sympathetic to IVF, and thus the values of international co-operation were maintained. It was necessary to revive the International Conference of Evangelical Students, for its conference planned for Rotterdam in had been cancelled on account of the war.
The sixteen delegates and five observers at this preparatory meeting included J. Hart and A. Raymonde Brunel of France, J. Bonda and A. Troost of Holland, Rektor Hoeg and the Rev. Chaired by Nils Dahlberg of Sweden, according to the arrangements made in , with Martyn Lloyd-Jones as his deputy, and Douglas Johnson as secretary, the meeting was attended by most of the Executive appointed in The General Committee faced issues much larger than convening a new conference, for they heard reports that the Swiss and the Netherlands movements wished full membership, while Canada, Australia and New Zealand wished to become more active in the movement.
They were astonished at reports of the growth of a large student movement in China. The meeting was impressed by the enthusiasm of the two delegates from North America, including the already huge Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship in the United States. A body which existed just to organise a European conference was inappropriate for such a range of nations.
Along with him came John Bolten, a refugee in the United States from pre-war Germany and a key financial supporter of the American IVCF, who retained a deep heart for German students and was on his way to Germany to seek to help the Protestant churches.
But I could follow the prayers which were slower. I especially remember the prayers for students in Germany. They touched my heart … This Oxford conference opened my eyes and my heart for the peoples of the world.
The British had identified this necessity well before the meeting and distributed a draft constitution of a new body to all the former member groups, and suggestions of amendments to this draft had been received from the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Holland. It in fact held the first meeting of the IFES General Committee that day, although a meeting to confirm the new body was planned for America in the new year.
Woods and Johnson were invited to be co- General Secretaries, although there was no plan for a separate international office, but only co- ordination of literature and the holding of regional conferences in Ole Hallesby was appointed the first President, retaining this position until his resignation in when Lloyd- Jones took his place.
It was an interesting assembly of people. Taylor and Dr Edson Peck. Ivor Aas came from Norway, Dr J. Thomas Maxwell and John R Howitt. There was no New Zealand representative. The eloquent but ever careful and self-effacing Douglas Johnson served as secretary, a meticulous medical doctor from a modest English background, devoted to the defence of evangelical truth, a voracious reader, intense and single-minded in his commitment to the student movement, who had been known to hide himself in a bathroom rather than appear in the conference photograph.
Dr Martyn Lloyd-Jones, ever stern and kind, who had visited Scandinavia in September and met Hallesby and other Scandinavian evangelical leaders, was appointed chairman after Dahlberg had declined to continue for another year.
The fundamental of the constitution was a doctrinal basis, and on this there was no dispute. It was practice which was more problematic. In the hot summer weather the delicate negotiations often had tensions, with Australian delegates unwilling to listen to others, and the British, particularly Johnson, became concerned that the American movement was not sufficiently student-led.
This led to a passionate debate, and the Americans proved to have far more support than the British. Johnson for his part declined the position of Associate General Secretary for Europe and Africa, although he served as Consulting Secretary until The doctrinal basis of the IVF was amended to add a clause on justification by faith alone, respecting the importance of this doctrine in continental movements. Finland and South Africa were prevented from becoming more than associate members because of their membership of the WSCF.
At the evening meetings Martyn Lloyd-Jones spoke from scripture, revealing himself as a passionate defender of the faith and eloquent expositor of scripture. They took almost all the financial burden administered by John Bolten as treasurer. IFES was incorporated in Massachusetts. However there was some understanding that various countries would take specific responsibility for the development of new work, for while the Americans concentrated on Latin America and the Pacific basin the Canadians took responsibility for the Caribbean, the Norewegians for Ethiopia and the British on Africa.
He was brilliant at drawing out the strengths of those he persuaded to work for him. He had a strategic sense of what was important and of how to face the issues of the day, and yet in some respects, first in his odd role as combined General Secretary of the Canadian and the USA movements and later within IFES, his wisdom suffered from tunnel vision.
He was an eccentric, a fighter who was not always aware of his own weaknesses. There were no full-time staff until and a very small budget. By it was recognised that the extension of work into new countries was effectively dependent on the initiatives of national movements, for example Canadian concern for Jamaica, Australasian concern for East Asia, and British concern for Africa.
Meanwhile contact was maintained with members through a news bulletin and magazine, which grew into the IFES Journal. Here his enormous energies, encyclopaedic knowledge and blatant Protestantism were shared by mail and telegram with a growing movement.
Yet in some respects this removed the office out of the stream of the Anglo-Americans who were then the dominating forces in IFES, and they found contact with Lausanne rather frustrating. Steadily and even dramatically the movement was extending throughout the world, although the structures were slow to show it. Woods was not an organiser, nor very concerned with structural development, and the movement grew in an informal way rather than with defined responsibilities.
By the need for such assistance was apparent, and Norton Sterrett was offered the position for Asia, but he declined.
If the movement was to make a breakthrough it needed to develop staff available to service all the regions, but during the fifties it survived on secondments from national movements. Dr John White effectively acted in this role in Latin America from to but without the title except for his last year. As the movement began to make its own appointments, many of them to serve in tropical climates, it developed stringent conditions for its workers.
For example the North Atlantic structure was recognised as too extended, and the need for European co-operation to include north and south was identified as desirable but politically impractical. Their membership was predominantly European and American until in it was recognised that the new national movements had to be represented.
John Bolten served as treasurer from the formation of the movement until The General Committee remained during this period a formal body, with a carefully controlled list of delegates and observers, and was not open to other visitors, although it combined with a student conference. It was a time when the cold war in Europe was rapidly escalating, and the Executive Committee urged all members to prepare to survive in any sudden world war, and urged the avoidance of involvement in politics.
Billy Graham, A. Tozer and Martyn Lloyd-Jones were among the speakers, the last giving the talks which formed the substance of his book Authority. It was at this occasion that the needs of Latin America were recognised by the Fellowship. In the meetings were held in Paris, and the issue of affiliation became central, as the General Committee had a very large increase in delegates and observers from all over the world. It was at last becoming a truly international body, and the experience was alarming.
In the wake of this the Executive decided to prepare standing orders for the General Committee. In an important General Committee in Nyack, New York, was attended by 86 delegates from 26 national movements, with speakers from England, Latin America, India and the Philippines.
The business meetings were lively as issues of affiliation were debated. In the background the Executive ironed out the African membership, and the high point of the conference came as three African delegates took their place as official delegates. The first twenty-five years of IFES were thus years of creation and consolidation. Although ministry was rapidly growing, the organisation only slowly recognised the world beyond Europe and North America, and remained largely an ad-hoc movement, little more than a structure to facilitate co-operation of member movements.
His wisdom, experience, and perceptive concerns were deeply admired in the movement. Anfin Skaaheim, a Lutheran minister and General Secretary of the Norwegian movement became the chairman in Something of a humourist, he took some advantage of his limited command of English to ensure that issues were rightly talked through, handing out sweets when tensions rose, and in one amusing moment left the chair to go to the toilet and had to be woken up there an hour later by bemused members of the Executive.
Chua Wee Hian was from Singapore, but also a London graduate, whose wife from Hong Kong had been converted as a postgraduate student in London. Wee Hian was a very hard worker. He took his first study leave for a writing project only in He finally resigned in August In particular he built up the structures of IFES, with a careful range of checks and balances, including international committees and regional staff.
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