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For Pieter Kok migration is best defined in general term as the crossing of a spatial boundary by one or more persons involved in a change of residence. A migrant can be a person who moves to another city or town within a nation; a refugee who crosses an international border to escape religious or political persecution; a jobseeker who moves to another country for better economic opportunities; a slave who is forcibly moved; or a person displaced by war or natural disaster.
Demographers lack a single, operational definition for migration because it occurs under different conditions.
Migration though difficult to define, is generally conceived as the movement of people across a geographical location other than a place of origin occasioned by either a push or pull factors in the country of origin or that of destination respectively.
Each year millions of women and men leave their homes and cross national borders in search of greater security for themselves and their families. While the proportion of women in the migrant stock has remained high throughout the last few decades, these statistics do not capture the changing nature and circumstances of their migration. According to international labour organization ILO report , a growing number of nations are involved with migration as countries of origin, destination or transit, or all three.
Labour migration is generally defined as a cross-border movement for purposes of employment in a foreign country. There is no universally accepted definition of labour migration. However, the two concepts may cover different categories. Poverty, wars, famine and repression are certainly among the major causes of migration, but there are other factors as well.
Some of the reasons for crossing national borders include population pressures on scarce natural resources; income inequality between poor and rich countries; growing urbanization; reduction in the cost of transport and communications resulting in increasing interactions among societies; the absence of respect for human rights in some countries; quest to improve educational career and establishment of migration networks by earlier migrants.
In the future, climate change may raise migration pressures. These can be broadly categorized in two; that is push and pull factors. Numerous domestic forces, known as push factors, can encourage individuals to leave their home country. Simultaneously, conditions in foreign countries, known as pull factors, can also influence their migratory destination.
However, these determinants can be broadly divided into social, political, economic and ecological factors. Ecological disruption is easier to pre-empt as there is a large body of scientific evidence to suggest that this factor will be a cause for concern in the near future.
Ecological factors have the potential to become an increasingly significant force influencing migration over the 21st century. Individuals who are severely impacted by changing ecological conditions may choose to migrate from their home state in search of more favourable environmental conditions elsewhere. Those who choose to emigrate due to more frequent or more destructive natural disasters may be identified as climate refugees and seek asylum in other countries less affected by climatic extremes.
Environmental migration adaptation is one such measure that must be taken into greater consideration by the international community to help those affected to cope with the aftermath of the said ecological problem. Economic migrants, on the other hand, migrate in order to find employment or improve their financial circumstances.
In the past, these migrants have generally moved from poorer to richer countries, however, recent evidence suggests that this is beginning to change with increasing levels of south-south and circular migration being seen. Economic migrants are drawn towards international migration because of the prospect of higher wages, better employment opportunities and, often, a desire to escape the domestic social and political situation of their home country. Salaries and wages, however, are likely to remain relatively low compared to those of individuals with a similar educational background in other, higher-income countries.
Pull factors within the destination country are therefore more likely to influence the decision making process of economic migrants. Socio-political push factors can include ethnic, religious, racial, and cultural persecution.
Warfare, or the threat of conflict, is also a major push factor. The politicization of religious and ethnic identities has the potential to cause significant levels of conflict within states.
Empirical evidence suggests that states undergoing a political transition from authoritarian rule to democracy are at greater risk of instability and internal conflict. Often, these states lack the ability to properly respond to social instability. In socially diverse states the potential for conflict may be greater than in more homogenous or inclusive societies.
The future level of migration from these countries is wholly dependent upon the longevity and severity of any conflict that could arise from social grievances. Individuals migrating due to social or political conditions are more likely to do so as humanitarian migrants. This will have an impact upon where they settle as some countries have more liberal approaches to humanitarian migrants than others.
In the first instance, these individuals are likely to move to the nearest safe country that accepts asylum seekers. According to them, owing to the expansion of the global economy, millions of women and men and their children can now access better opportunities in life WCSDG, The failure of globalization to create new jobs where people live is a prime factor in increasing migration pressures. What is development? Michael Todaro sees Development as a concept and multi-facetted phenomena.
Although its history dates back to the antiquities, development exceptionally preoccupied states after the Second World War in the late s. These have since then been efforts for social, political and economic progress all over the world facilitated by the quick technological evolution. There are numerous definitions of development.
Different authors have advanced more or less the same arguments pertaining to this rather wide concept. Tayebwa states that development in general includes improvements in economic, social and political aspects of whole society like security, culture, social activities and political institutions. Nevertheless, a careful analysis reveals that at each level, a country can have different definitions of development. Just because development is a multi-dimensional process involving qualitative and quantitative changes in social, political and economic domains of society and it is undertaken essentially to lead to a better state of life.
Todaro et al. This maturity results from the interplay of modern political, economic and social forces and processes which transform diverse people, shaping a common geographical area, from acceptance and allegiance to and participation in a transitional policy to the acceptance and creations of and participation in a modern nation-state.
The later is characterized by governmental machinery capable of commanding loyalty, keeping order, eliciting legitimacy, fostering integration, permitting mass participation; and satisfying popular wants and expectations. It also has a skilled citizenry which exercises its capacity to create a highly industrial society and manipulates its environment to obtain a high quality of life for the generality of the population Mea King, National development can best be achieved through development planning where the country maps out strategies it will adopt to realize its desired development.
South African national development plan titled National Development Plan states that; National development has never been a linear process, nor can a development plan proceed in a straight line. Accordingly, they propose a multidimensional framework to bring about a virtuous cycle of development, with progress in one area supporting advances in others. Theoretical thrust This paper is anchored on Migration systems theory with the fundamental assumption that migration alters the social, cultural, economic, and institutional conditions at both, the sending and receiving ends—that is, the entire developmental space within which migration processes operate.
This theory draws a two-way, reciprocal and dynamic link between migration and development, and therefore seems particularly relevant for elaborating a theoretical framework, which puts migration in a broader development perspective.
The geographer Mabogunje , the founder of migration systems theory, defined a migration system as a set of places linked by flows and counter flows of people, goods, services, and information, which tend to facilitate further exchange, including migration, between the places. Borrowing from general systems theory, he focused on the role of information flows and feedback mechanisms in shaping migration systems. What this means is that all the migrant population irrespective of the type; economic, socio-political and ecological migrants all seek a better life in the destination countries and most often remit part of their earnings in the case of economic migrants back to the origin nation.
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